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Drug addiction is a major public health challenge in Pakistan, with millions of people suffering from substance abuse. The country has become a significant hub for both the consumption and trafficking of illegal drugs due to its geographic location, socio-economic conditions, and political instability.
The severity of the drug crisis is alarming, and it is compounded by the inadequate infrastructure for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. According to various reports from the Ministry of Health Pakistan, the Antinarcotics Control Department, the US Bureau of International
Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the scale of drug use and addiction in Pakistan is rising at an alarming rate. For instance, according to UNODC, opium cultivation increased by 19 percent in second year of drugs ban in Afghanistan-major source of opium smuggling in Pakistan. Pakistan is facing a severe drug abuse epidemic.
According to a recent report, it is estimated that over 15 million individuals in Pakistan engage in the use of illicit substances. The report identifies the consumption of 25 distinct categories of drugs, alongside more than 80 variations of drug tablets and solvents. This alarming trend is notably pronounced within educational institutions, where an estimated 3 million students are reported to have developed an addiction to these harmful substances. More than 3000 educational institutes and 2000 government and private offices have been investigated and it has been found that, majority of users are being young adults.
Furthermore, various law enforcement and police officials have been involved in such huge drug crisis. The types of drugs that are most commonly abused in Pakistan include Heroin and Afghanistan, its neighbor, is one of the largest producers of opium, the raw material for heroin, Hashish (Cannabis), According to the 2018 UNODC survey, over 4 million Pakistanis are its regular users, and synthesized harmful drug i.e. Methamphetamine (Ice) etc.
The concern here is not to figure out which form of drug has been used and in which proportion. But the story lies: the devastating effect drugs carries on health of people, economy of Pakistan alongside its societal outbreak!
The increase in drug abuse in Pakistan has been attributed to severe social, economic and political factors. For instance, Pakistan’s location near major drug-producing countries like Afghanistan makes it a major transit point for narcotics.
The illicit drug trade is a significant economic activity for criminal organizations operating in the region, and this makes drugs more accessible in Pakistani society. Moreover, individuals, especially the youth, turn to drugs as an escape from the harsh realities of life, such as poverty, unemployment and lack of access to education and healthcare. In many rural areas, there is limited awareness about the dangers of drug use, and economic instability often leaves people vulnerable to addiction. In some segments of Pakistani society, drug use is culturally normalized, particularly in the form of smoking hashish or using alcohol.
Despite being illegal, these substances are often seen as acceptable among certain social groups. The stigma attached to addiction further isolates individuals, making it difficult for them to seek help. The lack of comprehensive drug education in schools and communities, coupled with insufficient awareness about the consequences of addiction, contributes to the growing number of drug users. Many people are unaware of the risks and long-term health issues associated with drug abuse. Most importantly, while the government has made efforts to curb drug trafficking and distribution, the effectiveness of law enforcement is hindered by corruption, inadequate resources, and a lack of coordination among agencies. This has allowed drug cartels to operate with relative impunity.
Even though the Anti-Narcotics Force (ANF), primary law enforcement agency regarding drug abuse has been formed, National Drug Control Strategy has been in place, Drug Abuse Prevention Programs by several NGO’s are in place, International Cooperation for funding and support against drug abuse and its treatment is there, the National Drug Use Survey Pakistan 2022–24 has been launched in Islamabad Pakistan by joint efforts of Ministry of Narcotics control Pakistan, UNODC, US department of State’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) regarding the update drug users in Pakistan, but due to massive corruption, involvement of police and law enforcement agency officials, resource constraints, weak border control mechanisms, its efforts have been less effective than desired.
In fact, Pakistan boasts a multitude of law enforcement agencies, along with an array of laws, policies, and frameworks. However, significant systemic flaws persist. Corruption is entrenched, with built-in incentives from powerful and elites that discourage accountability.
Such governance shortcomings hamper effective initiatives aimed at addressing the drug abuse crisis. Despite the infrastructure for law enforcement, the pervasive issues undermine efforts to implement meaningful reforms or regulations. Consequently, the struggle to tackle drug-related challenges remains a formidable task, requiring not just structural changes but a commitment to fostering genuine accountability within the regulatory framework.
